Fossil plant biodamages from the Belaya Kalitva Formation (upper Bashkirian, Carboniferous) of the Donets Basin, Ukraine

Biodamages of terrestrial plants caused mainly by arthropods, e.g. millipedes, mites, and insects, were studied from siltstones the middle part Belaya Kalitva Formation (late Bashkirian, Carboniferous) southern Luhansk Region, eastern Ukraine. The traces assigned to 13 damage types (DT) numerological systematics developed Labandeira et al. (2007): external foliage feeding DTs03, 12, 13, 14, 15, 75, 78, 81, 103; piercing-and-sucking DT46; galling DT146; oviposition DT102 DT108. All biodamages come sediments a shallow lake located on coastal accumulative lowland. Compared evidence animal-plant interactions more ancient Mospyne Formation, plant have some characteristic features, absence fungi and, generally, higher frequency biodamages. As in lacks seed feeding.